For example, an unknown modifier associated with specific mouse genetic backgrounds can alter the penetrance of an allele (called disorganization), which causes birth defects.

Unbalanced Allele Expression Associated with Mutation, Disease. A study identifies nearly 3,000 genes where one allele tends to be expressed more than the other, but the findings ignited controversy ...

This makes the small allele the ancestral allele — a trait that stems from the common ancestor of canids. However, “what it was doing before 53,000 years ago, we have no idea,” Ostrander said.

Cells had inactivated either the maternal or paternal allele of a gene in one of every twenty genes that the cell was expressing. There could be more plasticity in DNA that we appreciated, since every ...

But until now researchers could never locate the mutation, or the alteration in the gene’s DNA sequence, at the IGF-1 gene region that led to less of the growth-promoting protein in smaller dogs.

For example, having one mutated allele at either of two specific locations is associated with 20-40% reduced activity of the MTHFR enzyme (depending on where on the gene the mutation is found).

For example, being heterozygous for hair color could mean you have one allele for red hair and one allele for brown hair. The relationship between the two alleles affects which traits are expressed.

There are other potential concerns associated with mutation breeding; for example, the National Research Council noted in a 2004 report that the process is not regulated for food or environmental ...

“Rare coding variants in CIDEB were associated with a decreased risk of liver disease across different underlying causes and different degrees of severity, including cirrhosis of any cause (odds ...