As H5N1 bird flu spreads across species in the US, global experts warn that ongoing mutations, cross-species infections, and ...

The virus attaches itself to receptors on the cell surface using a protein called hemagglutinin (HA). To a lesser extent, the virus can also use another protein called neuraminidase (NA).

Moreover, because at least 16 different hemagglutinin subtypes and nine different neuraminidase subtypes have been characterized, many different combinations of capsid proteins are possible.

Influenza A viruses are classified into different subtypes based on their surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N). A total of 15 subtypes of hemagglutinin (i.e., H1–H15 ...

In the study, scientists describe a process they’ve developed for creating doses with precise amounts of two key proteins – hemagglutinin (H5) and neuraminidase (N1) – that prompt the body’s immune ...