Energy flow diagrams often depict secondary production as the flow leaving one trophic level and entering (being ingested by) the next. Many ecologists, however, have demonstrated that secondary ...

(2006) provided evidence for systematic difference in energy flow and biomass partitioning between producers and herbivores, detritus and decomposers, and higher trophic levels in food webs.

The feeding sequence, showing the energy flow from producers to consumers, is called a food chain. Each step is called a trophic level: producers are on the first trophic level 1, primary ...

Limnology and Oceanography, Vol. 61, No. 4 (2016), pp. 1438-1448 (11 pages) Spatially segregated ecosystems are frequently subsidized by cross-habitat linkages, but the extent to which the functional ...

Warming significantly reduced the biomass and diversity of higher trophic level consumers like fish ... with fewer trophic ...

Droughts affected upper trophic levels through alteration of both habitat condition (i.e., bottom-water dissolved oxygen levels) and food availability. Bottom-water dissolved oxygen levels were near ...