The sizes of these ionized water clusters are determined using time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometry. Then, in order to probe their structure, the infrared spectra of the water clusters are ...

The result surprised scientists as they observed that up to several percent of H2O molecules were temporarily ionized. "We used water isotopologues: ordinary (H2O), heavy (D2O), and semi-heavy ...

Milky Way’s ionized hydrogen brought into focus Date ... the feature mapped by WHAM shows a massive amount of ionized hydrogen -- a structure 75,000 light years in diameter and 6,000 light ...